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The End of the World as we Knew It

by Fat Chords

January 21st, 2011

The End of the World as we Knew It

If hindsight is twenty-twenty, I wonder how future generations will judge this period in our country’s history. Will we mysteriously disappear into the pages of history like the Egyptians? Will we implode like the Romans? Or will we be remembered by Reality TV re-runs? Despite the manner in which future generations remember us, there are already some frightening characteristics that signal the end of society as we know it. One of which is that of group think, a term coined by psychologist Irving Janis (1972), which refers to the faulty decision making in a group. Much of the “consensus” in our country comes as the product of such faulty reasoning and as we will discover in this essay the affects of group think on the American people possess some frighteningly damaging consequences.

Perhaps the most transparent effects of group think on the American public have manifested themselves within its entertainment. For more than seven decades, Television has shaped and cultivated the minds of our country. To say the least, the TV has become as imperative as the family pet. This is no exaggeration of any kind. According to the A.C. Nielsen Company, “the average American watches 4 hours of TV a day, 28 hours a week, 2 months of non-stop TV and over a 65 year life span, 9 of those years are spent in front of the tube.” With a form of entertainment with such a lure, the programmers and advertisers and social engineers have used TV as a medium to promote group think especially in modern day society.

Even the structure of the perception of authority within the home has subtly been transformed through the suggestive consensus of TV. Its not that hard to believe. Take for instance the role of Dad dating back to the 1950′s until now. On one hand, we have Ward Cleaver, a socially responsible and sober father figure from the 1950′s sitcom Leave it to Beaver and on the other we have Peter Griffin from Family Guy, a drunken, babbling moron who’s a poor peer and parent to his children and a fourth child to his nearly perfect wife, Lois Griffin. Although these are merely fictional characters, art tends to imitate life as more and more families begin to mirror the dysfunction perpetuated by television.

Entertainment initially was genre based in the early 1950′s and 60′s. There was a market for certain sectors of the public and entertainment was created for these narrowly established pieces of the ratings pie. That is until the need for more cohesion and greed prevailed over reason as more and more of the programming became the product of focus groups and studies designed to accumulate more watchers. The result of this carefully accommodating process was popular culture, or what we today call “pop.” This genre of music, television programming, speech, and culture is an all encompassing consensus on what is and will be acceptable within the American society. Popular culture is the ultimate group think and it has driven American culture for the last forty years without any brakes and very little oversight.

The creation of MTV or Music television in the late 70′s became a consorted effort to not only reach out but grab hold of the teenage market of viewers. It revolutionized the viewing market with its innovative fusion of music and TV and later programming. In 1992 MTV produced the first show of its kind, a Reality TV show entitled, Real World. This program chronicled the lives of 15 strangers between the ages of 18-28 who were chosen to live in a house together in a metropolitan city for a season. The show was a hit and it is still the longest running reality TV show to this day at 18years. Not only was it a success but it began the succession of hundreds of other, “reality” series which ultimately have contributed to the decay in American society and culture. Popular culture reached its zenith during the next twenty years as content was thrown out in place of a watered down and morally irresponsibly compromise of both music and television programs. What followed were dozens of reality TV series from, the 21st century hit Survivor to Project Runway, American Idol, Jack Ass and the list of artificial shows continue. Now even the most miniscule act or monotonous life could be cheaply filmed and redistributed through a series of quick shots and edits right into the living room of any household in the US. The sheer curiosity of idiocy alone would be enough to impair an individual as they stopped to see what was on the tube. In the words of Howard Beale, a character from the 1976 film entitled, Network, [We deal in *illusions*, man! None of it is true! But you people sit there, day after day, night after night, all ages, colors, creeds... We're all you know. You're beginning to believe the illusions we're spinning here. You're beginning to think that the tube is reality, and that your own lives are unreal. You do whatever the tube tells you! You dress like the tube, you eat like the tube, you raise your children like the tube, you even *think* like the tube! This is mass madness, you maniacs! In God's name, you people are the real thing.]

TV has impaired the logic of thought and the line between reality and entertainment have been blurred just a bit more.

And who benefits from the groupthink perpetuated by American entertainment?

Not only has our society’s entertainment been infiltrated by the absence of individual thought, but so has its media. Mass media sources have adopted the same diluted formula as the entertainment industry in fact if viewers would looker closer, they would find that nearly every major media network reports the same generic topics covered in the daily run down with a slight variation in presentation and posturing.

What’s more frightening is that for a majority of Americans no longer obtain their information from local print media and those who do are all reaching out the same barrel, 40% of which obtain their news from the radio, 42% from the newspaper, 29% from online news, 2 % literary magazines and 2% from political magazines according to the Pew Research Center (2004). And perhaps that wouldn’t be a dilemma if there were more opinions made available. The desperate need for consensus and to belong to a “right side” of the argument has polarized most of the public and rendered the rest without an opinion or a side to belong to.

A shining moment for this sort of groupthink took place in 2001 during the 9-11 attacks on New York City. During what had been classified as a heightened period of security following the bombing of the Twin Towers, many Americans stayed glued to their CNN, Fox and other local Networks for media coverage of the rescue efforts of this disaster and when the feelings of despair subsided, the media fed the public fear. And simultaneously the mass of people began to succumb to the disinformation that was being perpetuated so loosely by the networks. The public was primed for whatever their government had to offer and not since the 1940′s and 50′s had the American public been this compliant with the demands of their government. In 2003 the US declared war on Iraq, a country who even to this day has not been successfully connected to the bombings in New York on September 11th, and the over 50% of the people polled agreed. By making thorough use of the intellectually docile public and the use of “polls,” the Bush Administration was able to create a war where there really wasn’t a justification for one.

In Noam Chomsky’s Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies, he criticizes the use of media in a democratic society

[What is at issue is not the honesty of the opinions expressed or the integrity of

those who seek the facts but rather the choice of topics and highlighting of issues,

range of opinion permitted expression, and unquestioned premises that guide

reporting and commentary, and the general framework imposed for the

presentation of a certain view of the world.] 1989

Groupthink creates few alternatives, where there may be many, it fails to examine all sides of the argument and it doesn’t require critical thinking. It is the march of folly and the path paved by lemmings.

What groupthink has created in the American society is a polarized world in which those who possess the mental facilities to reason and rationalize don’t and the loudest voice is the one we adhere to. Political correctness is not about what’s right but rather how it is said and how close to the middle of the road those words lie. Issues which have perplexed our forefathers such racism, stratification and economics have been reduced to media games such as the popular early 21st century show Crossfire. Men and women no longer identify themselves based on their right to speak freely but rather reduce themselves to the will of demagogues from either the “liberal” or “conservative” parties. Perhaps the time for prophets and soothsayers has passed but I picture George Orwell and Aldous Huxley somewhere laughing at how their art was manifested into what we call reality. The entertainment we create for ourselves has conquered our voices and hollowed out the values that once were American life.

So I beg the questions, “How will we be remembered by future generations?” If we insist on conforming to the lowest common denominator, perhaps Reality TV reruns may be the appropriate memorial… lets take a poll and see.

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Michael Jackson: The Lost Childhood

by Fat Chords

January 20th, 2011

by elycefeliz

Michael Jackson: The Lost Childhood

Back in the 1980’s there was no one in the world that influenced the budding Generation ‘X’ like that of Michael Jackson. Yes, there was President Ronald Regan, Bo Jackson, MTV, Boy George, Madonna and those funky heavy metal hair bands. But no one topped the power of Michael Jackson.

He was not just a star; he was phenomenon. He commanded your attention, weather you were a music fan or not. Where he went, legions of fans followed, screaming for a glimpse. The world had not seen that since the Beatles and Elvis.

Now deceased, Michael Jackson is more powerful than ever before. This story has made frontline news in all the world’s paper for 3 days straight now. No other news is seemingly is so captivating; not Jon and Kate, not US economic woes, not even the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Michaels’ death has suddenly revived his career. Yes, revived. In all likelihood, he may generate more money then he ever did alive. Already record stores, iTunes, and Amazon have experience enormous demands. Elvis, John Lennon, Jim Morrison all experienced the same.

Michael’s legacy will most likely focus on the days he produced Off the Wall and Thriller. Those two albums alone produced more hits then most musicians have in their entire careers. His music videos ‘Beat It’, ‘Billie Jean’, and ‘Thriller’ transformed music videos from a mere promotional tool to an art. It helped ignite MTV. His career in a nutshell: 2 time inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (as a solo artist and member of the Jackson 5), 13 Grammy Awards, 13 Number one singles, over 750 million albums sold worldwide, and billions of dollars generated.

The Lost Childhood
As the world learned, however, was that Michael Jackson had a dark side that involved child abuse, neglect, and accusations of child molestation. You find can an entire populace of people with similar history in prison.

It wasn’t enough that Michael suffered a lost childhood. He was never allowed to be own person. His spirit was never free. Instead, his life became a tool for others to make profit of his enormous talent. His father, Joe Jackson, was not a successful man on his own by any means. He was a steel worker during the day, hardly carrying enough change in his pockets for lunch.

To his credit, however, Joe Jackson was a driven man. He played in a band and was a talented guitarist. Perhaps he had dreams playing for record label, but fell victim to the circumstances in his day: poverty, racism, and missed opportunities.

To some, growing old and not fulfilling your lifelong dream is intolerable. Joe Jackson may not have wanted any of that. So, his kids became the pawns for his success. According the Michael and his sister LaToya, Joe Jackson was a tyrant with an iron fist. He ran the household with fear, intimidation, and complete lack of concern about his children’s feelings.

In addition, Michael had to endure the challenge of being in a one-income household with ten kids. Normally with large families siblings would play and fight with each other. In the Jackson household, it seemed that band practice took precedence to growing up and living a normal childhood.

Despite the hardship, Michael was born to be an entertainer. For years the Jackson 5 played in local venues and won numerous competitions. It was not till Michael joined the band did MoTown Records take notice.

The Baton is Passed
Smokey Robinson said, “Michael had the talent of someone years his age.” Which Michael at the realm, the Jackson 5 attracted television and record deals. Like many child stars, however, Michael was forced into world that God never meant for children. Michael never experienced a childhood. He was busy making money for his family and for the record labels. He was a moneymaker. Despite the claims from those who say they loved him and showed genuine concern, he was a music moneymaking machine. The self-worth was solely based on that. If he stopped producing, they stopped caring.

In 1979, the record ‘Off the Wall’ was a solo act without Michael’s tyrant father or his brothers. Quincy Jones was the man behind the project. Together, Jones and the 20 year old Jackson produced the first ever album to generate US top 10 hits including blockbuster songs like “Don’t Stop ‘Til You Get Enough” and “Rock with You”.

The man was only 20!

At 20 years old most people are in college, partying, studying for college exams, or thinking of their careers. Michael remained what he was since he was 10, a money making machine. Not a man with feelings, not a man with a spirit, and a human being. He was money making machine, the darling of the media, a man with billions of dollars, yet no life.

At 24, Thriller was released. It’s the greatest album I have ever purchased. For Michael, the arrow had reached its peak and is now failing.

Energy Released – His deal with Children
It’s little wonder why Michael had that special relationship with children. He wanted to be around them, especially young male boys. Why? Because he was never allowed to experience having a ‘best friend’, or play outside with friends after school, like normal kids do.

It’s just human nature to make up for lost experience. It not unusual for teenage moms, as soon as their children are grown, to dress up in sexy garbs, hang out at bars, and date younger men.

Michael’s inner demons were not demons. They were yearnings. Yearnings to have the God given right to a normal childhood.

Did he molest young boys? I’m not sure, but then I wonder why an innocent man would pay the family of one of his so-called victims million to keep their mouth shut. I don’t know the details, nor will I speculate.

His Career Revived in Death
In years to come there will be speculations if Michael did actually die? The same theories floated around about Elvis and Jim Morrison. Elvis and Jim Morrison made more money in death then they did alive.

Will that happen to Michael? Most likely yes.

The greatest gifts Michael left us his music. He is the ‘King of Pop’ and the greatest entertainer since Elvis and the Beatles. More important, for those who wish to live their successful through their children, look at Michael’s life and where it went.

He became a lost soul with billions of dollars. As it was mentioned in the Bible,

What good will it be for a man if he gains the whole world, yet forfeits his soul? Or what can a man give in exchange for his soul? – Matthew 16:26

Rest in Peace Michael and thanks for the music and the lessons learned.

Jim Hague is an author, lecturer, owner of Crystal Digital Images LLC, has no party affiliation and is a moderate. He is the author of ‘Abandoned Son: Roe vs. Wade is overturned.’

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Interpersonal and Mass Communication: Relationships (2)

by Fat Chords

January 19th, 2011

by infomatique

Interpersonal and Mass Communication: Relationships (2)

Kinds of Mass Media

Some mass media are international in scope, some are national, and some are segmented, addressing specialized audiences. A few form an elite of opinion leaders. The electronic media may be independently owned and unaffiliated, part of a group with common ownership, affiliated with the Replica Cartier Watches networks, or owned and operated by the net-works. Newspapers may be independently owned or may be parts of chains or media conglomerates. Finally, each medium has unique qualities because of its technology, its structure, and its function.

International Media

A medium is international if it regularly and predictably carries its messages across national boundaries. The International Herald Tribune, for example, is an international newspaper available throughout Europe as well as in the United States.

Broadcast signals don’t recognize national boundaries. Increasingly, what was national broadcasting is becoming international as satellites make it available to people in different countries and time zones. In summer 1989, the Cable News Network (CNN) signed a five-year agreement with the Soviet Union that enabled CNN to transmit its 24-hour-a-day news on the Soviet satellite Intersputnik to the Indian subcontinent as well as to Southeast Asia and Africa. Because CNN was already carried on Pan Am Sat to Central and South America and to Europe and the Far East on Intelsat, this meant that CNN International was beamed to most of the countries on earth. Specifically, the service was available in eighty-five foreign countries and the United States. The first subscribers to the service were international hotels.8 Cable systems in the Baltic Republics, the Ukraine, and Uzbekistan also picked up the news service. Currently CNN International broadcasts to three regional centers—Asia/Pacific, Europe/Middle East/ Africa, and Latin America/United States—with a total subscriber base of nearly 150 million households. Despite initial criticisms that its programming was too dependent upon its American sibling, CNN, today CNN International produces more than 90 percent of its programming independently.

The fall of the Berlin Wall in autumn 1989 offered other prospects for transnational broadcasting. In late 1989, the 24-hour-a-day music channel, MTV Europe (now solely owned by Viacom, but then a partnership of the Mirror Group of Newspapers, Viacom International, and British Telecommunications), reached 10.8 million European homes. The channel began exploring the possibility of bringing its service to Eastern Europe with the fall of the Wall. In March 1989, MTV Omega Seamaster Replica Europe moved into Hungary, where it reached 112,484 households. People who owned satellite dishes could receive MTV Europe in Poland and in what was then Czechoslovakia.

By 1994, MTV Europe had become one of the most successful cable networks in Europe, with over 60 million subscribers, more than in the United States. Its biggest market in Europe was Germany, where it was received in more than 18 million house-holds. Viacom had also introduced its Nickelodeon network across Europe in partner-ship with British Sky Broadcasting, the satellite television company half-owned by Rupert Murdoch.

Wearing Replica Watches in a feast can increase your fascination and show off your personal taste. Why still hesitate?

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The Night on Which Lennon Was Killed

by Fat Chords

January 14th, 2011

by StephenMcleod

The Night on Which Lennon Was Killed

For me it was a Monday night like any other, on which I vividly recall being home watching a football game (of the American variety) on ABC’s Monday Night Football between the Miami Dolphins and the New England Patriots and though I do not remember the exact time I know it must have been close to midnight on the 8th of December, 1980. This given the fact that the game was late in to the 4th quarter with the Patriots winning by seven points though the Dolphins, lead by their young quarterback Woodley were heading for what would be a touchdown to send the game in to overtime. It was while the Dolphins were driving up field late in the 4th quarter that Howard Cossell, announced that John Lennon, a name which in all frankness I had never even heard of till that moment; me being 13 at time had been shot while leaving his apartment building, “The Dakota”. The Dakota being a building located on the Westside of Central Park on 72nd Street in Manhattan and not far from where I was living at the time with my mother between 81st and 82nd street on Lexington avenue.

I at the time had no idea who John Lennon was though it was announced that he had been a member of a band which had been known as “The Beatles”. This a name which I had often heard but never taken any particular interest in along with many other names such as “The Rolling Stones” or “The Who” or “Led Zeppelin”. I Naturally at the time wished that this man’s life could be saved as I would have done so concerning anybody’s life regardless of weather they were famous or otherwise.

I however checked with my grandmother, who was in New York and staying with us at the time if she knew who Lennon was, for above all I knew my grandmother to be a classical music fan and not much of one when it came to pop music or rock music or however one wishes to classify it as. My grandmother, who at the time was 76 actually surprised me by telling me she not only knew who he was, but that she had been to a Beatle concert back in 65 when they played in “Shea Stadium” (then home of the NY Jets and Mets and the place where I saw “The Rolling Stones” in concert in 1989) located in Queens in front of 66,000 people; this being the biggest rock concert at the time. After hearing about my grandmother’s experience if one could call it such with not only Lennon but “The Beatles”, I told her that John Lennon, had been shot though nothing else was known about it at the time.

I can’t say that my grandmother was particularly grief stricken to hear the news though like myself, she never desired to hear that hurt had been caused to anybody so with her words of “I hope he does not die” I left her to go back to my room to continue watching Monday Night Football. As for the game, it actually ended in a draw, which given the rules of American football meant there would have to be sudden death overtime; and this was precisely what I was watching when Cossell announced that Lennon unfortunately had died from gunshot wounds received earlier that evening. It was then that I ran back to tell my grandmother, who I could see was saddened much in the way she had been when Elvis Presley died as her statement “It’s a shame, that people feel they have to do such things to one another” indicated.

As for myself, I naturally was saddened by this news but I must say not in a way that was different from any other time when I had heard of tragedy occurring; such as a plane crash or earthquake or something which had been responsible for the loss of life. Regarding the game itself; it finished with the Miami Dolphins winning in overtime. This making me feel just a little better since they were the team I was actually pulling for.

I can not say the death of Lennon personally meant much to me at the time since I practically knew nothing about him; not that it would have made any difference to me if I had since I am not one to mourn the deaths of those whom I do not know personally. As I had for instance the death of my own grandfather, who incidentally had also died in the month of December in the year of 1975. Lennon’s death however did help to augment my curiosity in learning about him much in the way Mercury’s death 11 years later increased my nephews curiosity to find out as much as he could about Queen.

I however will never forget the week that followed which in many ways reminded me of the time following Elvis Presley’s death; this given the fact that John Lennon’s demise was also all over the media, from the newspapers to the TV stations (though not CNN or MTV, as neither had gone on air yet) to the radio stations. It being a case where the last of these could not seem to get enough of playing his songs, weather as a solo artist or while still a member of “The Beatles”. It was songs such as “Imagine”, “Come Together”, “Starting Over” and many others which were among those played but I mention these in particular, given the reason that they were the only ones I knew even if I had been previously unaware that they were Lennon’s. “Starting Over” however stuck in my mind for another reason apart from it being the one that had been receiving heavy radio play in the time leading up to Lennon’s death, as it was the one my brother-in-law used to wake me one morning when I was sleeping over at his apartment. This I will never forget, it was early Saturday morning and I had spent the night sleeping on the sofa in my sister’s living room when all of a sudden I hear, the sound of bells. These bells literally blasting out of the stereo next to me, in what was the introduction to the song “Starting Over”.

Actually during the months that lead up to Lennon’s death, I had been listening to the radio, just about everyday as I did my homework and found out that I actually enjoyed not only some of the songs, (some only after having heard them many times over) but even the commercials and general atmosphere of radio stations such as ABC and NBC. Regarding radio stations however I particularly recall two DJs by the names of Don Imus and Howard Stern, who caught my attention, specially since they did a morning show which was also promoted by a TV commercial showing people saying “I love “Imus in the morning” ”. It was also during this time that I for the first time in my life become familiar with some of the popular songs of the day such as “Another One Bites The Dust” (Queen), “I Love A Rainy Night” (Eddie Rabbit), “Emotional Rescue” (The Rolling Stones), “I Love You More Then I Can I Say” (Leo Sawyer) and many others. Therefore by the time of Lennon’s death I had become more familiar with pop music than I ever had which perhaps lead to me taking a bigger interest then I would have if it had happened before the fall of 1980 in which I received my first radio with a built in cassette player.

With regards to TV stations, many took to playing films in which The Beatles had stared in such as “A Hard Day’s Night” and “Help” along with many a documentary about not only John Lennon’s music (both as a solo artist and a member of “The Beatles”) but his personal life. Much of it I noticed concentrated on his personal life, politics and what had been his marriage to Yoko Ono. There is one moment however in all the week that followed the death of John Lennon which will never leave my memory and it came on the first Saturday after his murder; when during the half time of a football game I was watching, the city of New York held a ten minute silence in Lennon’s honor. This being even more amazing when one takes in to consideration how when John Paul I died only 1 minute of silence was kept and not even by the whole city of New York. After all Popes, their will be many, even if one rather shaky theory says the world will end after a couple have died, but Lennon in his branch of music like Wagner in his will only be but once.

Looking back it is really incredible to think how John Lennon’s death in a way helped bring back popularity not only to The Beatles but that whole era that had been the first British invasion that brought along such bands as The Rolling Stones, The Kinks, and many others. It was as if rock and roll were being given a boost, as many people like myself who had not been either Lennon or Beatles fans suddenly become more interested in this sort of music. I for my part can imagine this is what occurred last year when Pavarotti died; that many people who unlike me were not opera fans for the short time that followed Pavarotti’s death became interested in opera. Perhaps even going out and getting a Pavarotti CD or DVD much like people did with Lennon, shortly after his death. Naturally at the time of Lennon’s death, there was neither of which as only albums and cassettes were available but I think most people who read this get my general meaning.

By the time of Lennon’s death, Rock and Roll however had had many death’s in its family which had gained publicity such as Brian Jones 69, Jimi Hendrix 70, Janis Joplin 70, Jim Morrison 71, Keith Moon 78 (who died in the same hotel room as Mama Cass), John Bonham 80, Bon Scot 80, Ellen Naomi Cohen 74 (a.k.a. Cass Eliot) but baring Elvis’s death none had received any where near the same amount of media attention. All of which making it clear what had been Lennon’s contribution to his gender of music which I must admit is not my favorite as I am one to follow classical music and opera though not to the extent that I am blinded to the quality of other different genders of music. This being the case though I am reminded of something I once heard some one say to Edward Van Halen (guitar player for the group that bears his last name) on MTV which was “music isn’t Rock and Roll or Heavy Metal or this kind or that kind but good or bad” only to have Van Halen reply “No, music isn’t good or bad, it’s something you like or don’t like”. This comment by Edward Van Halen being the way I see music as opposed to being good or bad, though I must say that I do like some of the music I heard in the field that is rock music that includes many others apart from The Beatles and Elvis Presley.

With regards to John Lennon’s death it really was not till Farrokh Bulsara (a.k.a. Freddie Mercury) died on November, 24 that any death in or out of music received so much of the media’s attention. This being the case with regards to media attention though perhaps a lot of the coverage received by Mercury was due to the fact that his death was caused by AIDS, which was an even bigger worry at the time then it is today. I for my own do remember feeling some sadness over the death of the “quiet Beatle” George Harrison, who died of Cancer on November 29, 2001, though news of his death was in part drowned out by the events of September. 11 which were still in the media.

The aftermath of Lennon’s death I would say brought about a return to rock music which had in recent years been cast aside perhaps by the “disco fever” that erupted after the film “Saturday Night Fever”. It was as if Lennon’s demise did for Rock and Roll what The Beatles had done for it so many years back in 1964, when they first appeared on the Ed Sullivan show. Rock and Roll was fashionable again and as for me? I can not in all honesty claim to have found in it what I have in classical music and opera ( I, being the author of the book “New York’s Opera Society”) though I did find something of value in it as I have with many other kinds of music. I could even say that it was that time period which followed Lennon’s death that inspired me to listen to many a variety of rock band and even attend concerts by Styx, AC/DC, Deep Purple, Rod Steward, Iron Maiden (on two occasions), Pearl Jam, David Lee Roth, Ian Gillan and The Rolling Stones.

My name is Gianni Truvianni, I am an author who writes with the simple aim of sharing his ideas, thoughts and so much more of what I am with those who are interested in perhaps reading something new. As for the details regarding my life I would say that there is nothing that lifts them above the ordinary. I was born in New York City in 1967 on May 21st and am presently living in Warsaw, Poland where I wrote my first book “New York’s Opera Society” now Available on Amazon.

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Archive for Industry News – Page 2

Top Michael Jackson Videos that Turned MJ Fans Crazy

The End of the World as we Knew It

Michael Jackson: The Lost Childhood

Interpersonal and Mass Communication: Relationships (2)

The Night on Which Lennon Was Killed